Snakebites are rare but potentially life-threatening emergencies, especially in remote areas where immediate medical attention may not be accessible.
Whether you’re hiking in the wilderness or working in the countryside, knowing how to respond effectively can save lives.
The manual below outlines the practice first aid stepstips on how to stay calm and how to communicate with emergency services in case of a snakebite.
Understanding the risks of snakebites
Snakes play a crucial role in ecosystems, but can pose a danger if encountered unexpectedly. Although most snakes are non-venomous, South Africa is home to several species that can cause venomous bites. These include the Black Mamba, Puff Adder and Cape Cobra. The types of venom vary and cause neurotoxic (nervous system), hemotoxic (blood), or cytotoxic (tissue) effects. In the countryside or on remote trailsresponse time is critical, making preparation and quick action essential.
First steps after a snakebite
1. Stay calm and assess the situation
If you are bitten, panic can accelerate the spread of venom due to an increased heart rate. Take slow, deep breaths and concentrate on assessing the situation. Avoid sudden movements and sit or lie down to avoid unnecessary exertion. Make sure the snake no longer poses a threat by moving away safely.
2. Immobilize the affected limb
Restricting movement helps slow the spread of poison. Hold the bitten limb at or slightly below heart level. Use a splint or bandage to immobilize the limb without cutting off circulation. For bites suspected of involving neurotoxic venom (e.g. Black Mamba or Cape Cobra), pressure bandages can be applied to slow the absorption of the venom. Avoid tying a tight tourniquet as this can cause tissue damage.
3. Avoid harmful myths
Do not attempt to suck out poison, cut the wound, or apply ice. These methods are ineffective and can worsen tissue damage. In addition, avoid consuming alcoholic beverages as this can promote blood circulation and speed up the absorption of poison.
Seek help in remote locations
Immediate professional medical attention is critical, even if symptoms initially appear mild.
However, when you are far from medical facilities, calling for help is often the quickest way to ensure proper care.
1. Contact emergency services
Call South Africa’s national emergency number 112, the national private emergency services 082 911 or 084 124, or the local emergency services. Provide your exact location using landmarks, GPS coordinates or apps like What3Words. State that a snakebite occurred and describe the condition of the victim. If possible, provide details about the snake’s appearance, color, size and markings, but do not attempt to capture or kill the snake. Treatment of snakebites is based on symptoms, so exact identification is not required.
2. Signal for help
If cell service is unavailable, please notify others in your group or in nearby areas. A whistle, flashlight or reflective clothing can help attract attention. Instruct someone to seek help at the nearest accessible point if you cannot make the call yourself.
Monitor symptoms and provide comfort
1. Pay attention to symptoms
Monitor the victim for signs of poisoning, including swelling, severe pain, nausea, difficulty breathing, or changes in consciousness. Symptoms may vary depending on the snake species and individual response.
2. Avoid shocks
Keep the victim warm and comfortable. Lay them down with their heads slightly elevated to avoid shock. Provide reassurance to help them stay calm and stable.
3. Hydration and rest
If the victim is conscious and not vomiting, small sips of water can prevent dehydration. Avoid food or excessive fluids until medical professionals have assessed the situation.
Practical first aid techniques
Carrying a basic first aid kit or a snakebite first aid kit is invaluable during outdoor activities in snake-prone areas. Your kit should include elastic bandages, crepe bandages, eyewash, antiseptic wipes and an emergency whistle (to attract attention).
• Pressure immobilization method: For bites from snakes with neurotoxic venom, wrap a pressure bandage to cover as much of the affected limb as possible. This technique is particularly effective at slowing the spread of poison.
• Immobilization of limbs: Raise the affected limb to the level of the heart. If it is an arm, you can wrap it with a triangular bandage. If it is a leg and you do not need to walk to safety, you can lie down, placing the leg at the level of the heart.
• Wound care: Gently clean the bite area with an antiseptic to reduce the risk of infection. Do not apply ointments or creams as these may interfere with the identification of the poison in the hospital.
Preparing for remote adventures
Preparation is the best defense against snakebite emergencies. Before going to rural or remote areas:
• Survey the area: Learn about the local snake species and their habitats.
• Wear a communications device: Always carry a cell phone or a satellite phone to call for help in areas with limited service.
• Wear protective clothing: Long pants, thick socks and closed shoes reduce the risk of snakebites while exploring.
The importance of snake identification
Although it is not always possible to identify the snake involved, providing a description can help medical professionals administer the appropriate antivenom.
Although this isn’t a deal breaker if a symptomatic approach to snakebite management can be taken successfully.
Look for features such as:
• Size and length.
• Primary colors and patterns.
• Shape of the head (triangular or round).
Don’t chase the snake to take pictures; this can increase the risk of additional bites.
Aftercare and medical follow-up
Once professional help is available, make sure the victim gets a thorough medical evaluation, even if symptoms subside.
The poisoning effects may increase over hours and some reactions may be delayed. Follow all medical advice and plan follow-up care to monitor recovery.
Conclusion
Encountering a snakebite without medical attention is a terrifying scenario, but with the right knowledge and preparation you can act effectively to protect yourself or others.
Staying calm, immobilizing the affected limb and seeking emergency care are the mainstays of the snakebite response.
Whether you’re hiking in the rugged wilderness of South Africa or working in remote rural areas, understanding these steps can make the difference between a manageable situation and a life-threatening emergency.
Remember that preparation is key, make sure you have knowledge and a reliable partner First aid kit for snake bites to ensure you are ready for the unexpected.
Have you ever been bitten by a snake?
Let us know by clicking on the comments tab below this article or by emailing [email protected] or sending a WhatsApp to 060 011 021 1
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